# KPV peptide References: PubMed and FDA Sources for Every Cited Claim

> Full reference list for KPV peptide: PubMed-indexed studies on PepT1 uptake, murine colitis, barrier protection, and corneal healing, plus the FDA 503A and PCAC sources, with DOIs.

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of these sources — PubMed-indexed studies and reviews, plus the FDA materials behind the legal-status page.

## How to read this list

Each numbered entry below corresponds to the inline citation markers used across the research, gut-inflammation, dosage, legal-status, and FAQ pages of this KPV peptide digest. PubMed and DOI links resolve to the primary source. The KPV literature is notably prone to citation errors in secondary web sources; the identifiers here were checked against PubMed and Crossref, and readers should verify any claim at the source rather than copying it from aggregators.

## Primary studies and reviews

The cited literature spans 2000-2024: foundational in vitro and murine colitis work [1][2], the mechanistic dissection of the core-versus-C-terminal alpha-MSH peptides [4], the corneal wound-healing study [6], the barrier-protection and KdPT analog work [9][12], the nanoparticle and hydrogel delivery platforms [5][11], the PepT1 colitis-associated-cancer study [10], the broad melanocortin reviews [3][7][13], the antiviral and antifungal family findings [14][16], and the 2024 PepT1-targeted KPV/FK506 nanodrug [15]. The full citation for each appears in the reference list below.

## References

[1] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[2] Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092346/
[3] Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Bohm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18612139/
[4] Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12750433/
[5] Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28143741/
[6] Bonfiglio V, Camillieri G, Avitabile T, Leggio GM, Drago F. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(6):1366-1372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965771/
[7] Spana C, Taylor AW, Yee DG, Makhlina M, Yang W, Dodd J. The Melanocortin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights into Its Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. Cells. 2023;12(14):1889. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508552/
[8] Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851308/
[9] Xiao W, et al. Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Protects against Cytokine-Induced Barrier Damage in Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Monolayers. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170537. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28103316/
[10] Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, et al. Critical Role of PepT1 in Promoting Colitis-Associated Cancer and Therapeutic Benefits of the Anti-inflammatory PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV in a Murine Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(3):340-357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27458604/
[11] Laroui H, Dalmasso G, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. Drug-loaded nanoparticles targeted to the colon with polysaccharide hydrogel reduce colitis in a mouse model. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):843-853. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19909746/
[12] Bettenworth D, Buyse M, Bohm M, et al. The tripeptide KdPT protects from intestinal inflammation and maintains intestinal barrier function. Am J Pathol. 2011;179(3):1230-1242. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21741932/
[13] Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851308/
[14] Barcellini W, Colombo G, La Maestra L, et al. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides inhibit HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells and in acutely infected monocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(5):693-699. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073109/
[15] Zhang D, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211778/
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (The bulks-list / nomination framework: a bulk drug substance may be used in 503A compounding only if it has an applicable USP/NF monograph, is a component of an FDA-approved drug, or is on the 503A bulks list; substances not yet listed are evaluated through a public nomination process informed by the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. None of the peptides under evaluation is an FDA-approved drug.) Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. Public calendar individually listing KPV (free base and acetate), with BPC-157, TB-500, and MOTs-C, as bulk drug substances 'being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List' — a scheduled discussion of substances under evaluation, not a listing decision or an outcome. Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026

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A cathedral-quiet reading of the KPV tripeptide record — the colitis findings inscribed where the studies confirm them, the empty human-trial pane left openly unfilled, and the FDA 503A standing carved from the source; no clinic behind the nave and nothing here dispensed or sold.